Arteriosclerosis

 

• It is the presence of changes at A-V crossings ( AV nipping ).
• It is not indicative of severity of hypertension but indicative for long time ( many years ).

 

Grad 1      Subtle broadening of the arteriolar light reflex mild

Hypertensive Retinopathy

 

The response of retinal  arterioles  to  systemic hypertensive include :

1- Vasoconstriction:

hypertensive narrowing is seen in its pure  form only in young patients.

2- Disruption of inner blood – retinal barrier :

leading to increase vascular permeability  causing:

• flame – shaped retinal hemorrhage.
• retinal oedema.
• hard exudate.

Diabetic Retinopathy

How to protect yourself from Diabetic  Retinopathy ?

 

1-screening

all diabetic patients aged over 12 years and / or entering puberty in type 1 (IDDM) should be screened or once diagnose in type 2  (NIDDM).